Does Big Tech Hold More Cash Than the Federal Government?

 Summary:

• How much cash does the U.S. Federal Government carry on its balance sheet?

• How does that cash compare to the money on Big Tech's balance sheet?

• How is Big Tech spending on share repurchases?

• Theoretically, how much cash could Big Tech have on its balance sheet, including the repurchase amounts?

How much cash does the U.S. Federal government carry in its Balance Sheet?

The U.S. Treasury Department owns and publishes the government's balance sheet annually. At the end of 2023, the U.S. government held $922 billion in cash (Exhibit 1). Although the Federal government, with congressional authorization, can print money to bolster its balance sheet at any time, we are using this amount as a fun exercise to compare against the cash held by the private sector, especially by the tech giants.

Exhibit 1: Assets Portion of the U.S. Government Balance Sheet

Bureau Of Fiscal Service

How does the federal government's cash holding compare to the private sector?

I queried the U.S. SEC filings using Snowflake to examine the cash held by various companies (Exhibit 2). I wanted to examine Big Tech but also threw in data from other companies, from Berkshire to Coca-Cola. Berkshire Hathaway had to be included in this list since its cash, bonds, and securities on its balance sheet total over $325 billion. The table below details only the cash holdings without looking at long-term bonds and securities companies may hold.

Warren Buffett believes in having a fortress balance sheet and has been selling his stock positions in Apple and Bank of America to bolster it over the past few quarters. So, what does Warren know about the markets that concern him? There's a cottage industry trying to guess Buffett's thinking and investment strategy. Buffett may be saying that U.S. stocks are overvalued, so it's time to cash in on the capital gains he has secured on Apple. My guess is as good as yours. If the market takes a beating in the coming months, Warren might be in a prime position to buy excellent businesses at a cheaper valuation.

Note: It was easy to create an AI app in Snowflake to learn from Warren Buffett's annual letters. You can learn about it here.

Amazon has the highest cash position, with $75 billion on its balance sheet, followed by Meta (Facebook), which has $43 billion. The top 10 companies on this list, from Amazon to Salesforce, held $273 billion in cash.

Note: Procter & Gamble (PG) data has a bug since the cash position is for 2019. I hypothesize that PG started using a different US GAAP tag after the 2019 fiscal year than the one I used in my query. I will look into this. You can learn more about my architecture in a series of blogs here and here.

Exhibit 2: Cash Held By U.S. Companies

Cash Held By U.S. Companies.

This amount of cash on the balance sheet feels tiny compared to many big tech companies' annual free cash flows. Where did all the money go?

How much is Big Tech spending on share repurchases?

Share repurchase is a financial technique companies use to buy back their shares. Repurchases reduce the total outstanding shares, offering multiple benefits to the company and its shareholders.

1. Companies can show earnings per share growth without increasing earnings from their business operations.

2. Existing shareholders see their stake in the business increase. Now, they own more of the business.

3. Reduce the total dividend that the company has to pay out annually.

If you and your friend were partners in a business and you bought out your friend's share, you would end up owning 100% of the company and keeping all the profits. Share repurchases are similar, except on a much bigger scale.

Let's look at an example to see the benefits of share repurchases.

Exhibit 3: Share Repurchase Example

Share Repurchase Example

Suppose a company had a net income of $1000 and a total outstanding shares of 10 in year 1. In this case, its earnings per share (EPS) is $100. Suppose the company earns the same amount of $1000 in net income in year 2 but repurchased 2 of its shares at the end of year 1. The number of outstanding shares is now eight instead of 10. The EPS has jumped from $100 to $125, a remarkable 25% increase without the business earning a single penny more. When EPS grows, the stock price should follow, benefitting the company and its shareholders.

When paying dividends to existing shareholders, share repurchases save the company money, assuming it decides not to increase its dividend per share. In this example, the total dividend amount the company has to pay is reduced from $100 to $80.

In the partnership example, when you buy out your friend, you would consider paying a fair price for his share of the business. You would be careful not to overpay. If you overpay, the returns you generate on your investment will be less. Similarly, buying back shares at any valuation is not recommended. Warren Buffett's rule on buybacks is only to repurchase shares when the stock is trading below its intrinsic value.

How much did Apple spend on buying back its shares?

Since 2018, Apple has spent a mammoth $559 billion on buying back its shares (Exhibit 4 & 5).

Exhibit 4: Amount of Money Apple Has Spent on Share Repurchase Since 2018.

Apple Share Repurchases

Exhibit 5: Apple's Spending on Share Buy Backs in Bar Chart Form.

Apple's Share Repurchases

How much has Apple managed to reduce its share count since 2018?

Apple has reduced its total outstanding shares from 20 billion to 15.4 billion, a 22% reduction.

Exhibit 6: Apple's Weighted Average Diluted Shares Outstanding

How much did Microsoft spend on buying back its shares?

Microsoft has spent $152 billion on share buybacks since 2018 (Exhibits 7 & 8).

Exhibit 7: Microsoft's Spending on Share Repurchases

Microsoft's Spending on Share Repurchases

Exhibit 8: Microsoft's Spending on Share Repurchases in Bar Chart Form

Microsoft's Repurchases.

How much has Microsoft managed to reduce its share count since 2018?

Microsoft has reduced its outstanding shares from 7.79 billion to 7.46 billion, a 4.2% reduction (Exhibit 9).

Exhibit 9: Microsoft's Outstanding Shares.

Microsoft's Outstanding Shares

In theory, Big Tech could have more money on its balance sheet than the Federal government if desired. It spends a lot on Capex, R&D, and share repurchases.

Note: All data analysis was done on Snowflake using Snowsight Worksheets and Snowflake Notebooks. If you like the analytics presented here and wish to do similar analytics with your data, Snowflake may be the easiest platform to gain insights quickly. Try Snowflake for free for 30 days here.

Disclosures: I am a Sales Engineer at Snowflake. All opinions in this blog post are solely mine and do not reflect Snowflake's views. I am not a Registered Investment Advisor, and any discussion on securities or investments is not an inducement to make a particular investment.

Musings on Economic Growth, Buybacks, and Inflation

We are entering an era of slow growth, especially in the U.S. and Europe. The older demographics and lower productivity are to blame for the low growth. Economic growth was already slow in the 2010s, but artificially low-interest rates from the Fed caused multiple expansions in the stock market. I see these Asset Managers and VCs criticize the Fed and the Government for inflation today, but those guys did not give credit to the Fed and the Government for all the billions they made in profits due to the cheap money policies. Homeowners benefited from the artificially low-interest rates, but most would never call it a hand-out.

Business Insider is reporting that the corporate bond market is in deep trouble. CEOs spent $1 trillion on share buybacks each year to pad their income while their company's balance sheets deteriorated. Oracle spent over 85% of its operating cash flow on share repurchases. Even after all these buybacks, Oracle's stock is way down. No amount of financial engineering can save a company with zero revenue growth.

Oracle can afford buybacks, but many other companies were spending more than their operating cash flow on buybacks and dividends. Essentially, they borrowed money at ultra-low interest rates to fund their buybacks. Even after all these buybacks, Oracle's stock is way down. No amount of financial engineering can save a company with zero revenue growth.

The Biden administration should not bail out corporations for their mistakes and let companies go through the bankruptcy process for the way they mishandled shareholder wealth. We might see a wave of bankruptcies next year (2023). Let's return to our capitalist roots.  It was a mistake to bail out AIG with $170 billion during the 2008 crisis. We spent trillions bailing out corporations for their mistakes in both 2008 and again in 2020.  The US airlines went bankrupt in a week during March 2020.  The US airlines spent all their money on buybacks and had nothing saved for a rainy day. I saw this ad from a Japanese company during the 2020 COVID crisis. They asked applicants to apply to their company and said employees need not worry about getting paid.  They said they have enough money on their balance sheet to pay every employee even if they had zero revenues for 20 years.

Most of the inflation is caused by supply chain disruptions to food supplies and other essentials. No amount of lowering the money supply will reign in inflation caused by supply chain disruptions in food unless we want people to suffer from hunger.

Our problem will be slower economic growth and not inflation a year from now (2023). Inflation will be high compared to the 2010s, but it will settle at a much lower level than its current rate of 6% to 8%. Even this higher level will most likely be due to supply-side challenges. The money supply is already contracting rapidly.

Oracle: Excelling in Financial Engineering.

Oracle (ORCL) faced its first real challenge to its business model from Amazon AWS (AMZN). For a long time, Oracle's relational database has been the standard for many companies in the Global 2000. Oracle's database is still so entrenched in many corporations across the globe that they pay millions of dollars in Oracle license and support fees each year to keep the right to use their software. But, companies formed in the last 10-15 years have shunned the Oracle database. Instead, they have relied on myriad open-source database options and cheaper databases from other companies. The advent of AWS made it easy for any company to manage databases in the cloud. 

Oracle has lagged behind the prominent three cloud vendors in offering infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS). The company has a reasonably significant market share position in SaaS software, where it competes against the likes of Salesforce (CRM), Workday (WDAY), and SAP (SAP). But, Oracle is still heavily dependent on revenue from its database software. Since Oracle cannot attract new customers to its database, it has resorted to using its existing database install base as an annuity business. In essence, the Oracle database software generates much rental income from its remaining customers.  

In the face of Oracle management's inability to innovate and compete, they have resorted to financial engineering to prop up their share price. A company innovating and competing well in the marketplace is most likely growing revenues. At the very least, revenue growth needs to keep up with GDP growth. Unfortunately, there is no revenue growth at Oracle. In the fiscal year ending May 31, 2011, Oracle had total sales of $35.622 billion. In the fiscal year ending May 31, 2021, Oracle had total sales of $40.479 billion. That equates to a 13.6% growth in revenue over 11 years. The 13.6% rate amounts to a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 1.16%. 

Exhibit: Oracle Annual Sales Revenue from Fiscal Year Ending on May 31, 2011

(Source: SEC.GOV)

How does a company show earnings per share (EPS) growth when revenue growth is nonexistent? Investors react positively to a growing EPS number. One way to show an ever-increasing EPS number is to repurchase the company shares and retire them. The repurchase transaction reduces the outstanding shares, and thus when stagnant net income is divided by outstanding shares, the resulting EPS number looks as if it is growing. 

The company has spent billions of dollars each year repurchasing its stock. The company has spent $137.65 billion in repurchasing its shares in 11 years. Initially, the share repurchases did not do much to the stock price. So, in recent years, the company has gotten even more brazen in buying back its stocks (See Exhibit: Annual Amount in Billions Spent by Oracle on Share Repurchase).  

Exhibit: Annual Amount in Billions Spent by Oracle on Share Repurchase 

(Source: SEC.GOV)

One way to analyze how much the company has spent on its repurchase is to compare its operating cash flow to the repurchase amount. The company had $155.212 billion in operating cash flow in 11 years and it spend 88.6% of that in buying back its own shares.

 

Exhibit: Oracle's Annual Operating Cash Flow

(Source: SEC.GOV)

In the end, Oracle's management led by Safra and the company's largest shareholder - Larry Ellison - benefit the most from these buybacks. Larry is now on the list of the top-10 wealthiest people in the world solely due to these buybacks. Due to these buybacks, the stock has risen a lot, and ordinary investors should prudently book profits. You do not want to be in this stock when the music stops.